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As driver runs vehicle in safe way, so the ballast runs/regulates the current that flows to the tube.
To glow the tube, higher voltage (i.e:600V) is required to ionize the gas inside the tube and this is served by starter along with magnetic ballast. Once gas is ionized, the conductive path is established between two ends of the tube. After this phenomenon there is no need of starter. Starter is not required while operating the tube with Electronic Ballast.
Fluorescent ballasts use three different types of starting technologies: rapid, instant, and programmed.
Rapid start: ballasts rely on this preheating method so when the light switch is turned on, the lamp turns on right away.There are two drawbacks to rapid start ballasts:
1.Rapid start ballasts are not very energy efficient.
2.Lamps paired with rapid start ballasts will not reliably turn on if they are in sub 50-degree climates, like a freezer room or outside in cold climates.
Instant start ballasts: Instant start lamps don’t use a preheating method. Instead, they send a high amount of voltage across the lamp upon the strike. Instant start lamps also start reliably at temperatures as low as zero degrees.
Programmed start ballasts: Programmed start ballasts are typically design in such a way, as it can provide Preheat mode, Ignition mode and run mode for specific period of time. This guarantees to enhance the life of Lamp/Tube in greater extent.
THD stands for Total Harmonic Distortion. Harmonic Distortion is a result of feedback/Deviation from sinusoidal wave form & with reference to fundamental frequency.
-As per EMC standards, IEC61000-3-2, for class C equipments, Current Total Harmonic Distortion must be: 11<I-THD%<39 and for Industry Standards: Current I-THD<32% (As per ANSI C82.11, max THD% should not exceed 32% in Electronic Ballast)
-Voltage V-THD<5%. Usually in low quality magnetic ballast THD% range is 90%-120%. If I-THD is more than 150%, extreme heat is generated may result in fire. Initial 5-6 harmonics are considered very significant.
Wattage enters in Lamp/Tube
PF= --------------------------------
Wattage enters the Ballast
-PF closer to 1 has very high efficiency, means losses are highly minimized
-PF>0.7, considered high power factor (Electronic Ballasts)
-0.5<PF<0.7, considered normal power factor (standard Magnetic Ballasts)
-PF<0.5, considered poor power factor (Magnetic Ballasts of poor quality)
Starting Wattage consumed by Lamp/Tube with Ballast
CF= -------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wattage consumed by Lamp with ballast during normal operation
CF is normally 1.4-1.7, more than this CF range reduces life of Lamp/Tube.
Light o/p of lamp operated by specific ballast
BF= ----------------------------------------------------------------
Light o/p of lamp operated by standard reference ballast
Light is defined as the electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 400nm to 750 nm which is visible to the human eye.
There are primarily 3 sources of Lights:
Natural sources: Produced by the sun, stars, fire, and electricity in storms.
Bio luminescence: There are even some animals and plants that can create their own light, such as fireflies, jellyfish, and mushrooms. This is called bio luminescence.
Artificial Light: Created by human being using various types of technologies; including, Incandescent Lamps, Fluorescent Lamps/Tubes, LED Lamps/Luminaries, HID, Arc Light, Metal Halide, Halogen Light etc.
A bunch of light ray or a bundle of a ray at a point is called a beam of light.
A line drawn in the direction of propagation of light is called a ray of light.
Light is composed of particles called photons.
When light hits the retina (a light-sensitive layer of tissue at the back of the eye), special cells called photoreceptors turn the light into electrical signals. These electrical signals travel from the retina through the optic nerve to the brain. Then the brain turns the signals into the images you see.
Humphry Davy invented the first electric light in 1802. He experimented with electricity and invented an electric battery. When he connected wires to his battery and a piece of carbon, the carbon glowed, producing light.
Incandescent light bulb: Electricity runs through a wire (Tungsten) inside the bulb and heats it up. When it’s hot enough, it glows.
Fluorescent Lamp/Tube: uses gas (Inert gases, like Argon) inside the tube to light up: when electricity runs through it, it excites a mixture of gases, which are transformed into light. .It needs Ballast to control the current flowing to tube.
LED Lamp/Luminary: light is generated when electricity runs through it. For systematic working of LED light, it requires control gear/Driver.
One of the most common incandescent bulbs that is used is a 60-watt bulb. To achieve the same brightness as a 60-watt bulb, you would only need a 13-15-watt fluorescent Lamp and you will need only 6-8W IN led Lamp.
Incandescent Lamps and LED Lamps don’t contain mercury vapor. Mercury is considered as toxic element for environment. Hence Incandescent Lamps and LED Lamps are not toxic.
Fluorescent Lamps, however, contain mercury. Hence these Lamps may be toxic for environment.
When it comes to CO2 emissions, however, incandescent bulbs cause the most, because of amount of electricity they use.
A traditional incandescent light bulb usually has a life span of about 1,000 hours, while a fluorescent bulb lasts about 9,000 hours. LED light Lamps last about 50,000 hours. That means If Incandescent Lamp is turned on every night for six hours, it would take about 5 months for an to be burnt out, In case of Fluorescent Lamp, 48 months (or 4 years) and in case of LED Lamp, 269 months (or 22 years). If there is good mains supply, Quality Electronic Ballast and LED Driver respectively.
In simplest terminology we can say that Lumen is
Light output of any Light source (in another word, luminous flux) is measured in terms of Lumen. For example, Light source, i.e. T12 40-watt fluorescent lamp may have a rating of 3050 lumens. Similarly, a light fixture's output can be expressed in lumens. As lamps and fixtures age and become dirty, their lumen output decreases (i.e., lumen depreciation occurs). Most lamp ratings are based on initial lumens (i.e., when the lamp is new)
In the simplest terminology, we can say LUMEN represents brightness of light.
Light Intensity incident on particular surface is called illuminance. This is measurement of Light level.
Illuminance is measured in terms of foot candle (Lumen/square foot) and metric unit to measure illuminance is LUX (Lumen/square meter)measured in terms of Lux or Foot candle.
1 LUX=FOOT CANDLE x 10.76
In simplest terminology, we can say that, LUX is degree of spreading of light.
When Light incident on surface, it gets reflected in particular direction and this can be perceived by our eyes is called Luminance in another word also called brightness. Luminance is measured in units of Candelas/square meter.
How efficient is lamp in converting energy into visible light than others. The efficacy of a lamp refers to the number of lumens leaving the lamp compared to the number of watts required by the lamp
It is expressed in lumens/watt. Sources with higher efficacy require less electrical energy to light a space.
In simple words color of light perceived by eyes.
This is a measurement of "warmth" or "coolness" provided by the lamp. People usually prefer a warmer source in lower illuminance areas, such as dining areas and living rooms, and a cooler source in higher illuminance areas, such as grocery stores.
If we speak in scientific terms, Color temperature refers to the color of a blackbody radiator at a given absolute temperature, expressed in Kelvins. A blackbody radiator changes color as its temperature increases ( first to red, then to orange, yellow, and finally bluish white at the highest temperature. A "warm" color light source actually has a lower color temperature. For example, a cool-white fluorescent lamp appears bluish in color with a color temperature of around 6500 K. A warmer fluorescent lamp appears more yellowish with a color temperature around 3000 K.
Light color perceived by eyes is compared with standard reference Light source, is The CRI (relative scale ranging from 0 - 100). indicating how perceived colors match actual colors. It measures the degree that perceived colors of objects, illuminated by a given light source, conform to the colors of those same objects when they are lighted by a reference standard light source. The higher the color rendering index, the less color shift or distortion occurs.
The CRI number does not indicate which colors will shift or by how much; it is rather an indication of the average shift of eight standard colors. Two different light sources may have identical CRI values, but colors may appear quite different under these two sources.
The CRI number does not indicate which colors will shift or by how much; it is rather an indication of the average shift of eight standard colors. Two different light sources may have identical CRI values, but colors may appear quite different under these two sources.
Ultraviolet (UV) is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm (750 THz), shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays.
UV is primarily classified into four types ultraviolet:
Far UV (100nm-200nm)
UVC (200nm-280nm)
UVB (280nm-315nm)
UVA (.315nm-400nm)
Far-UVC light cannot penetrate even the outer (non living) layers of human skin or eye; however, because bacteria and viruses are of micrometer or smaller dimensions, far-UVC can penetrate and inactivate them. We show for the first time that far-UVC efficiently inactivates airborne aerosolized viruses, with a very low dose of radiation inactivating >95% of aerosolized H1N1 influenza virus. Continuous very low dose-rate far-UVC light in indoor public locations is a promising, safe and inexpensive tool to reduce the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases.
Far UVC wavelengths harnessed at 185 nm are used in systems which produce ozone, a proven oxidizer which eliminates odor in the air and microbial contaminants in water. UVC lamps which produce ozone emit UV radiation less than 200 nm which decompresses the oxygen (O²) in the air, to produce ozone, (O³).
In short we can say that Far UVC may be promising future technology.
UVC radiation is a known disinfectant for air, water, and nonporous surfaces. UVC radiation has effectively been used for decades to reduce the spread of Microorganisms such as Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, Fungus, Molds, Pathogens, Yeast, Algae, Tuberculosis and deactivates within few seconds.. For this reason, UVC lamps are often called "germicidal" lamps.
Direct exposure of UVC to human being is most dangerous and fatal for skin and eyes.
UVB radiation is used in Medical Phototherapic applications, used in treatment of skin related ailments, i.e.. Leucoderma, Vitiligo, Psoriasis, Eczema, Atopic Dermatitis, jaundice, Vitamin D synthesis, acne; sleep disorders; wound healing; and photodynamic therapy (PDT). It may also lower the risk of getting some kinds of cancers such as colon cancer.
UVB- radiation is used in tanning beds application also, touted as safe under certain conditions.
Overexposure of UVB radiation leads to sunburns, premature aging and cause skin damages.
UVA radiation is used in Printing, Curing, Lithography, Sensing and medical applications.
The Ultraviolet Index (UVI) is a rating scale, with numbers from 1 to 11, which indicate the amount of skin-damaging UV rays reaching the Earth’s surface during the day. The daily UVI forecasts the amount of UV reaching your area at noon when the sun typically reaches its highest point in the sky. The higher the UVI number, the more intense the UV rays you will be exposed to The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) offers UVI forecasts.
Total UV energy radiates from UV emitter and incident on surface from all the direction is measured in µW/cm² at 1m. The UV intensity greatly depends on the distance from the UV emitter and the transmittance of the medium. In other terms, this is also known as UV Irradiance.
Total UV energy incident or exposed on microbes or applicator is measured in units of mJ/cm² (mJ/cm² = 1,000 µW/cm² per second). Often assumed to implicitly represent total absorbed dose. Technically This is known as UV Fluence.
1.Ambient Light or General Lighting
2.Accent Lighting
3.Task Lighting
A type of Lighting which provides an overall glow to a room or space and creates enough light for you to see and move around comfortably and safely.
-Ambient lighting is usually created using overhead fixtures like recessed lights, track lights, chandeliers,ceiling lamps,floor lamps,table lamps etc.
A Lighting which is used to create focal point or in other words, lighting used to draw attention to a feature, like a piece of artwork, a plant, or to highlight a unique design element, like wall texture or decorative coving.
A lighting which is localized and can be provided by a variety of different sources, allowing you the option to adjust the lighting for a work space or chosen area and brighten or darken it in order to suit your needs. Effective task lighting making it ideal for activities like, reading, cooking, crafts and hobbies, studying and work. Led Bulbs, Halogen Lamps are the ideal example of the Task Lighting.